 |
| (Image credit Google) |
Jabir ibn Hayyan: contribution|biography|books
Jabir ibn Hayyan Muslim alchemist
Jabir ibn Hayyan (Birth: 721 AD - Died: 25 December 815 AD) was a Muslim polymath, geographer, physicist, astronomer and astrologer. The first alchemist in history and the great Muslim scientist Jabir bin Hayyan who adopted scientific ideas as religious beliefs. The world still knows him as Father of Alchemy. Westerners know it as "Geber". Jabir bin Hayyan is considered the founder of alchemy. He was familiar with all practical experiments in alchemy.
Initial conditions
Jabir ibn Hayyan was born in 721 AD in Tus or Khorasan. Jabir belonged to the Indus, a tribe in the southern part of Arabia. He was born during his father's exile (according to one tradition, death). At a very young age, his father's shadow lifted from his head, so his mother raised and educated him. When he regained consciousness, his mother sent him to the suburbs of Kufa to be brought up in his home. So there was no question of getting a good education.
living conditions
Jabir ibn Hayyan's occupation was medicine making and drug selling, which means that Jabir bin Hayyan was also a sage. After becoming a young man, he settled in Kufa. At that time there were many opportunities for learning and teaching in Kufa. In Kufa, Jabir became a disciple of Imam Jafar Sadiq, whose madrasa taught subjects such as logic, wisdom and alchemy along with religion. The prevailing Greek teachings of that time had a profound impact on him. While acquiring knowledge, he saw people around him obsessed with making gold, so he himself adopted this attitude. Even after many experiments, he could not succeed in producing gold. But due to genuine interest in chemistry, he did not stop the series of experiments. He built his laboratory in Kufa, his father's hometown. The beloved wife of Khalifa Barun al-Rashid's minister Yahya Barmaki fell seriously ill. Even after better treatment, there was no cure. When Yahya became disillusioned with his life. So he consulted a sage. This Hakim only mixed one medicine with two grains and three ounces of honey and gave it a sip. In less than half an hour, the patient recovered as before. Seeing this, Yahya Barmaki fell at the feet of this sage, but this sage forbade him to do so and also gave him the rest of the medicine. This was Hakeem Jabir Ibn Hayyan whose medical skills made a home in the heart of the rulers of the time.
The last days
Jabir ibn Hayyan died in 806 AD in Damascus. Jabarban Hayan's sketch created by a European artist of the 15th century in the history of Islam volume 5 p. 56 is outstanding. The house became a laboratory. In his dedication to making gold, he discovered many facts and made many inventions.
Metallurgical chemistry
Jabir bin Hayyan based his alchemy on the theory that all metals are composed of sulfur and mercury. Other metals are formed by combining the elements of these metals in different conditions and in different proportions. According to him, the basis of difference in metals was not composition but their condition and proportions. So it was possible to convert the common and cheap metals into gold. In them, observation, intelligence, dedication and the ability to work tirelessly were present.
Qura Nabiq
Jabir was the inventor of an instrument called Qura al-Nabiq which had two parts. In one part, the chemicals were cooked and the vapors from the mixture were conveyed through a duct to the other part of the apparatus and cooled. In this way, those vapors would become liquid again. This type of device is still used today to perform this tensioning process. Its current name is Retort.
Acid
Once, during an experiment, a brownish vapor rose in the tube and collected in another part of the device, which was made of copper. The material obtained was so hot that the metal was decomposed. Jaber put the substance in a silver bowl and it also got holes. The same result was obtained when placed in a leather bag. When Jaber touched the liquid with his finger, it burned. He named this pungent and burning liquid as acid i.e. Rizab. The acid was then tested on various other metals, but all but gold and glass were decomposed. Jabir bin Hayyan got involved in further experiments. Eventually they made many chemicals such as sulfuric acid and aquaria. They even created an acid that could melt gold.
Elements and state of matter
Jabir ibn Hayyan derived the substance from the theory of four elements. He was the first to classify matter into three parts. Plants, Animals and Minerals. Later also divided minerals into three parts. In the first group he placed vaporized objects and called them "spirits". In the second group put objects that melt on fire like metals etc. and in the third group put objects that explode when heated and become silver. In the first group, sulfur, arsenic, noshadar etc
Included.
Chemical compounds
Jabir ibn Hayyan purified chemical compounds such as carbonate, arsenic, sulphide and alcohol. He exposed the world for the first time to alcohol, sulfuric acid, panitric acid and hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid and phosphorus. One is taklis or khishta meaning to form oxide and the other is dissolution meaning to dissolve. Jabir bin Hayyan had valuable theoretical and experimental knowledge on many issues of chemistry. His experiments on the art of alchemy are very important.
Chemical processing
Apart from this, to protect the iron from rust, Lu Hai discovered the method of varnishing, waxing, and dyeing. Apart from this, manufacturing of steel, cloth weaving, leather dyeing and coloring of glass pieces etc.
Other experiences and achievements
He reformed the process of making a metal boat and said that making a metal boat increases its weight. The process of distillation and distillation was also invented by Jaber. He discovered Kalamau, the method of crystallization, and three types of salts.
Chemical processing In addition to protecting iron from rust, Lu Hai discovered the method of varnishing, waxing, and dyeing. Apart from this, manufacturing of steel, cloth weaving, leather dyeing and coloring of glass pieces etc.
Other Experiments and Achievements He improved the process of making a metal boat and said that making a metal boat increases its weight. The process of distillation and distillation was also invented by Jaber. He discovered Kalamau, the method of crystallization, and three types of salts.
Services
Jabir listed the methods of making many substances in his alchemy books. He also explained the methods of making sulphide of several items. He invented noise and sulfuric acid for the first time in the world. Which is very important and sensational even in the present era. He was the first to discover the method of distillation through Qur'an al-Nabiq. It is noteworthy that in the whole world, no important person was born after the second century AD in terms of knowledge "scientific" and intellectual. After Hippocrates, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy and Galen, only the last scholar Hypatia of Alexandria lived in the 4th century AD. Therefore, the first candle to be lit in the darkness in the field of knowledge was that of Jabir bin Hayyan. Thereafter Muslim scientists and thinkers dominated until the 11th century.
Works
Apart from Alchemy books, Jabir ibn Hayyan also wrote the rates of Euclid's book "Geometry", Ptolemy's book "Mahbatti/Majasti". He also wrote periodicals on logic and poetry. Despite all this, Jabir was a religious man and a follower of Imam Jafar Sadiq. His writings include more than 200 books.
Famous Books:
"The Book of the King"
"Kitab al-Rahma
"The Kitab al-Tajib
"Zebeq Al-Sharqi"
In Jabir's thought, the concept of balance is key. The word Mizan appears in several places in the Holy Quran. Apart from the balance of the universe, it also means the justice of Allah and the punishment on the Day of Judgment. The movement and stability of all living and non-living things depends on the balance. The balance is the center and axis of the principles. According to Jabir, numbers are the manifestation of the same balance on the basis of which the world came into existence and is established. Like the English thinkers of the 19th century, Jabir bin Hayyan also linked the scientific system with his religious beliefs. All the works of Jabir bin Hayyan have been translated into other European languages besides Latin. He was the lone beacon in the field of alchemy for about 8900 years. Before the revival of modern alchemy in the 18th century, Jabur's ideas were considered the last word. As a chemist, he believed that experience is the most important thing in alchemy. He practically showed the world that in order to know and learn something, apart from only studies and knowledge, experiences are also needed with sincerity and diligence. Others believed that the destination never comes, that is, the destination is not the destination. This awareness gave him the tune and motivation to go ahead in the research of the universe.
0 Comments